The Role of the Proof in Math Essay - 2675 Words

The Role of the Proof in Math The notion of proof has long played a key role in the study of mathematics. It is in my opinion the role of proof that separates mathematics from the sciences and other fields of study. It is the existence of proofs that give mathematicians the confidence that their work is credible and thus allows them to continue to build upon prior work without the need to second guess what has previously been accomplished. Based upon this observation, it becomes natural to ask the questions pertaining to the use of proof in learning and understanding mathematics. If the concept of proof is so important to the field of mathematics, then is it possible that by writing proofs and studying proofs that an†¦show more content†¦construction of an empirical theory (taken from Hanna) 7.exploration, to understand the meaning and/or consequences of a definition or statement 8.incorporation of a well known fact into a new framework (taken from Hanna) This list is essentially taken from Hanna’s paper, but upon review of Knuth’s paper one would see that the first five functions are the same as the the conceptions of the role of proofs given by the teachers within his study. There are far less of these given in Tucker’s paper, but in order to show some continuity across the literature, I have included it because amongst his list of common reason’s why proofs should be used to teach mathematics is that â€Å"proofs help students understand concepts and believe results† (although he doesn’t share this view). Clearly this statement falls within items one and two, where â€Å"believe results† can be interpreted as verification and understanding goes along with the idea of explanation. If we are to believe that this list of the functions of proof in mathematics has any credibility, then we should at least be tempted to believe that the use of proofs can play a vital role in learning and understanding mathematics. If proofs can provide a means of explanation, discovery, communication, and exploration; then wouldn’t the use of proofs be a powerful tool for learning mathematics? It is my opinion that the answer to this question is a resounding yes and consequently that means should be foundShow MoreRelatedWhy Math Is Important For Teaching Mathematics And How Students Learn Mathematics870 Words   |  4 PagesMath Philosophy Paper Math is developing concepts or standards that’s important for teaching mathematics to students from Pre-K to high school. 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Current Ethical Issue in Business Paper Free Essays

string(33) " with all pertinent authorities\." Pennsylvania State University: The Jerry Sandusky Scandal Pennsylvania State University: The Jerry Sandusky Scandal Recently Penn State University experienced traumatic events when Jerry Sandusky, former defensive coordinator for Penn State football, was accused of child molestation and endangerment. Not only did the accusations of Jerry Sandusky make the news nationwide but also the unethical actions of athletic director, Tim Curly, head football coach, Joe Paterno, and University Senior Vice President at the time, Gary Schultz. The following will define the issue and its basis, ground rules that manifested the situation, what brought the issue about, how did key individuals come into play and the ethical systems at work of these key individuals. We will write a custom essay sample on Current Ethical Issue in Business Paper or any similar topic only for you Order Now There will also include a proposed plan for revising the ethical decisions made of this issue. Unethical Issues On Friday, March 1, 2002 Mike McQueary, a graduate assistant of Penn State, entered the locker room at the Lasch Football Building to place new sneakers in his locker (â€Å"Penn State Scandal,† 2011). During the time Mike McQueary was in the locker room he heard noises coming from the shower. When Mike McQueary peered into the shower, he claims to have witnessed Jerry Sandusky naked in the shower and performing inappropriate actions with who appeared to be a 10-year-old boy (â€Å"Penn State Scandal,† 2011). After leaving the locker room Mike McQueary notified his father of the actions, he witnessed. After hearing this news Mike McQueary’s father stated that Mike must inform head football coach Joe Paterno. On Saturday, March 2, 2002 Mike McQueary notified Joe Paterno of the incident the previous night (â€Å"Penn State Scandal,† 2011). Upon hearing this news Joe Paterno made a decision to notify his immediate superior, athletic director Tim Curly. Upon hearing this news from Joe Paterno, Tim Curly informed University Senior Vice President, Gary Schultz. More than a week later, Gary Schultz called Mike McQueary into his office to have Mike explain the details of what he witnessed to Gary Schultz and Tim Curly. Joe Paterno was not present during the meeting. Actions Gary Schultz and Tim Curly instituted toward Jerry Sandusky were the confiscating of the locker room keys and an incident report sent to The Second Mile, an organization Jerry Sandusky formed to elp young children. Mike McQueary, Joe Paterno, Tim Curly, and Gary Shultz never reported the incident to University Police. Basis of the Issue Tim Curly and Gary Schultz never reported the incident to police because they claim that Mike McQueary only reported â€Å"inappropriate conduct† that made Mike McQueary â€Å"uncomfortable,† but never mentio ned any sexual activity (â€Å"Penn State Scandal,† 2011). Thus, Tim Curly and Gary Schultz believed their solution to confiscate Jerry Sandusky’s locker room keys and inform The Second Mile organization was sufficient. Since both Tim Curly and Gary Schultz executed this decision, and without any knowledge of sexual crimes committed by Sandusky, there was no need to notify University Police (Curry, 2011). Joe Paterno believed at the time his decision to inform his immediate superior was the most ethical decision but realizes he should have informed authorities also. Situation Manifestation Any university must have ethics and ground rules to follow; however people must to follow anyway of proper conduct at home, professional, and to be a good citizen. No Adult in any situation or under any circumstances to have any sexual intercourse. A communication breakdown with official and the University of Pennsylvania University concerning about the sexual scandal with former football coach â€Å"Jerry Sandusky. † According to the Mike McQueary testimony that he testified when he first told Pennsylvania State Athletic Director Tim Curley and Vice-President Gary Schultz what he had seen Jerry Sandusky doing to a boy in the football shower, back in March 1, 2002. According to Twitter accounts of McQueary’s testimony from this morning provided by the Patriot-News, McQueary said that he had gone to the Lasch Football Building that night to pick up a pair of sneakers and a football game film from his locker; he heard a â€Å"rhythmic slapping sound† and saw in a mirror Jerry Sandusky in the shower with a boy who appeared to be 10 or 12. He believed Sandusky was â€Å"molesting the boy†: (Don Walvelton pp3, deadspin) McQueary told them that Sandusky was extremely sexual involved with minors, but they told McQueary that they will investigate and meanwhile Sandusky cannot be on football showers or close to a minor. However, Sandusky still showed up after the warning, McQueary was told by Curley and Schultz not to discuss the incident. McQueary should have handled this procedure differently not just calling his father, but he should have called the authorities. He should have looked for internal help from the university. It seems official overlooked the possible problems and possible future issues or the damage to the Pennsylvania State University image. The officials were charged with perjury because they did not pursue the investigation with diligent. This sexual abuse behavior of Sandusky could be preventing it by the first sign of sexual abuse, but the missed miscommunication and the allegations brought it up was extremely delicate. Another judge was point to the case because of conflict of interest. Evaluation of Ethical Systems No ethical systems were at work for any individual involved in the scandal at the organization of Penn State. The ethical dilemma was going on for more than 10 years. A few individuals had the chance to report information to a higher authority but did not, which became unethical business behavior. Mike McQueary used duty-based ethics by telling the Athletic Director Tim Curley and Vice-President Gary Schultz what he had seen in the shower the night of the incident. After McQueary informed the athletic director and vice-president he should have gone to a higher authority. The issue could have been handled better if there were ethical guidelines and protocols in place. It would have also helped if there was a formal documented interview with Jerry Sandusky and Mike McQueary along with all pertinent authorities. You read "Current Ethical Issue in Business Paper" in category "Papers" The organizational leadership was marginal at best, and it would be thought that leadership is something that every football team is taught to be a leader and team player. In this case the management did not show leadership. To have organizational leadership the organization must constantly be supervised with weak points identified. After investigating the incident the athletic director and vice president should have been leaders of the organization and forwarded the issue to the proper authorities. They failed to see the magnitude of the situation as well as the level of involvement an issue like this calls for. This is how the ethical behavior and responsibility differed between the employees and management. Mike McQueary’s responsibility was to tell the athletic director and vice president. Once management was notified, it was their responsibility to forward the issue on to the proper authorities for a proper investigation. Joe Paterno should have been notified constantly from Coach Mike McQueary, especially if the ethical dilemma continued to take place. Involving the head coach could have prevented secrets from being held back, and could have also kept jobs from being lost. Revising Ethical Standards These tragic events have led to the evaluation of the University’s Ethical Standards and Guidelines. As ethics become a more prevalent part of the academic system, Penn State has recognized the need for reform. Their current standards and guidelines are out-of-date and require attention. In order to effectively issue and implement changes, Penn State officials will need gather resources and assemble a plan. With any situation of this magnitude, the timeline between the event and the organizations response is crucially important. Penn State officials will need to address the matters in a timely manner to show their dedication to upholding the pride and principles Penn State was founded on. The first step in this plan should include a clear and precise set of regulations, guidelines, and principles. The essence of these materials should be detailed in nature while addressing every potential person or party that participates in the University’s program. This will aid in helping individuals make the correct decisions when they encounter ethical dilemmas such as this. As stated earlier, many of the individuals involved in this case felt as if they took the necessary actions toward the situation. Unfortunately, they were mistaken, but if they had a solid set of guidelines to refer to they would not be questioning the extent of their involvement as the guidelines would take them step by step through the proper protocol. After the compilation of the Ethical Standards and Guidelines, the next step would be to inform. Many organizations have such standards in place; however, not all organizations make this information readily available. In junction with making the newly developed Ethical Standards and Guidelines accessible to all members, Penn State should implement an educational training program mandatory for all members of its organization. This makes sure that every individual involved with campus activities is aware of basic ethical standards, methods of obtaining all ethical standards and guidelines, the severity of ethical misconduct, as well as resources should they have any questions or concerns about ethical dilemmas. The Penn State Scandal has become a media feeding frenzy. This is unfortunate as the school is very well renowned and based heavily on traditional values and principles. As a university with this level or prestige it is important to show the public their focus and determination in correcting these ethical shortfalls. Organizations that own up to their faults and go above and beyond in correcting them, receive more positive feedback from the public. This allows them to reclaim their dignity and rebuild confidence among the organization. The last step in this cycle is the evaluation of both short-term and long-term compliance. All ethical dilemmas should be reported to a committee or appointed group so the issues can be tracked, monitored, and learned from. If the revised Ethical Standards and Guidelines do not show a decrease in overall ethical issues these standards and guidelines should be carefully reevaluated. An organizations ethical system is always changing. As society changes so does our ethical system and ideal compliance. An organization should keep up with these changes and consistently monitor their own ethical system to ensure that it is operating efficiently. Ethics has long been overlooked, but the events over the past decade have forced all of America to reevaluate our ethical standards and systems. American Society will continue to change and events like the Penn State Scandal will open the door for many other victims to speak out. This will increase the importance of sound ethical practices within an organization. Organizations that want to grow and enjoy continued success will identify this trend and increase their focus on ethical standards. Although these three men believed at the time that each was making the most ethical decision, the decisions each man made was not enough. Whenever an incident occurs with children, no matter how innocent it sounds, authorities need to be notified. The choice not to involve authorities has had an extreme impact on the university, faculty, students, alumni, and surrounding community. Although these events are tragic, the University of Penn State must push forward and focus on rebuilding their ethical principles. With dedication and support from their students and faculty, Penn State will rebuild and establish a new set of traditions that teaches, informs, and pursues the act of ethical decision making. References Concertino, D. (2011). Penn State Scandal. Retrieved from http://deadspin. com/5868802/penn-state-witness-mike-mcquearys-testimony-some-kind-of-intercourse-was-going-on? tag=penn-state-scandal Curry, C. (2011). Joe Paterno Said to Delay Sex Assualt Report to Avoid Ruining Weekend. Retrieved from http://abcnews. go. om Penn State Scandal. (2011). Retrieved from http://espn. go. com Trevino, L. K. , Nelson, K. A. (2007). Managing business ethics: Straight talk about how to do it right (4th ed. ). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. University Ethics. (2011). Retrieved from http://www. universityethics. psu. edu/ Wolverton, B. (2011). Failure to Alert Board Cost Penn State’s Leadership Dearly. Retrieved from http://ehis. ebscohost. com/eds/detail? sid=b0f76a79-d87a-4deb-b3cb-c855305cbb33%40ses sionmgr15vid=3hid=6bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWRzLWxpdmU%3d#db=f5hAN=67758895 How to cite Current Ethical Issue in Business Paper, Papers

Leadership in Multinational Enterprises †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Leadership in Multinational Enterprises. Answer: Leadership Challenges in Multinational Enterprises In todays competitive business world, multinational enterprises focus on the significance of effective leadership style of their executive officers in order to gain a competitive advantage. Due to globalisation and digitalisation, operations and functions of multinational enterprises are continuously changing. Professor Ed Schein suggested that effective leadership styles can assist organisations in maintaining an open culture that is crucial to their success (Levy, 2015). The companies have to consider different factors that hinder the development of their open culture. This essay will evaluate the importance of upward communication and senior level behaviour in multinational enterprises based on an interview given by Professor Ed Schein. This essay will analyse the article written by Paul Levy on CEO behaviour which was upload by The Conversation called Has the CEO really changed or is it business as usual? This essay will examine different leadership styles that facilitate the ope n culture in organisations and discuss the factors that are likely to hinder the development of open culture in a firm. Further, this essay will discuss the potential impact of emerging of more distributed forms of leadership styles in multinational enterprises. Todays business environment is continuously changing due to various aspects such as globalisation, large number of competitors, impact of social media, emerging markets, exponential rate of change, new technologies that are influencing businesses, and others. The factors influence the business of multinational corporations along with affecting the role of its senior leaders (Iles, Chuai, and Preece, 2010). Schein provided in his interview that executive officers in multinational companies are facing new challenges which require them to change their leadership styles. He emphasised the importance of upward communication and the behaviour of senior leaders and how they affect a firms effectiveness. The Great man theory, macho and hierarchical leadership theory has changed for more responsive, authentic, inclusive and humble view of senior leaders in multinational firms. In todays business worlds, senior leaders face challenges such as leading and managing change, lack of honest feedbac k, implementing innovative approach, lack of effective communication channels, assessing training and development requirements, performance management, lack of honest feedback, managing internal stakeholders and politics, and others (Javidan and Dastmalchian, 2009). In order to address these challenges, agility, flexibility to respond, speed of defining, resilience, ability to adapt, and executing strategic priorities is crucial. These factors change the way MNCs are operating, and it creates new challenges for the leadership of senior-level executives. The way multinational corporations operate is continuously changing due to a shift frommanagement and control focus to the alignment focus on the firm. Organisations focus on motivating their employees to improve their performance and achieve common corporate objectives rather than forcing them to perform better. The importance of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is growing among modern corporations, and the senior levelmanagement focuses on fulfilling firms corporate responsibilities (Groves and LaRocca, 2011). Organisations focus on improving customer relations rather than maximising their profits in order to sustain their growth. The number of jobs on contract is increasing which allow enterprises to cut their operations costs and increase their investment in the welfare policies of their employees. In order to effectively address these challenges, senior levelmanagement is required to improve their leadership styles. With the growing requirement of skilled labour, the manage ment focuses on improving employee retention rate which provides them a competitive advantage over others (McDonnell, et al., 2010). For example, Google has implemented an employee-centric approach in which it provides a number of benefits to its employees such as free teaching, free food, flexible working hours, long maternity leaves, and others to improve its relationship with them which improve its retention rate (Battelle, 2011). Therefore, the way MNEs are changing, leadership challenges associated with them are changing as well. Leadership Styles that Promotes Open Culture Traditionally, the idea of business culture was often dismissed by the top-level management and top executives considered it as unquantifiable, soft and a waste of valuable time. However, industries and media landscape have changed the traditional approach, and the management in modern corporations focus on implementing effective programs for promoting open culture in companies. A number of studies have proved the importance of an open culture in corporations and how management can use it to sustain the firms future growth (Greenstein, 2012). Open culture is defined as a concept in which knowledge spread freely among employees and the growth of the company comes from altering, enriching or developing existing work based on collaboration and sharing (Ayman and Korabik, 2010). Schein emphasised the importance of upward communication and how modern leaders did not pay attention to it. Schein provided that effective management require a collaborative effort between employees and leaders (Levy, 2015). Employees assist managers in understanding the key issues in the organisation that negatively affects their productivity and leaders can implement appropriate strategies for tackling such issue. Open culture provides a number of benefits to modern corporations such as improve communication, motivated employees, effective relationships, lack of disputes, faster achievement of organisational goals, effective change management, and others. As per Schein, managers can improve their leadership styles to promote open culture in the organisation. There are a number of effective leadership styles which promotes open culture in the company, such as Servant, Charismatic, Laissez-Faire, Affiliative, Participative and others. Levy (2015) provided that CEOs in the traditional modern of leadership such as Top-down, macho and hierarchical are changing and more humble, inclusive, responsive and authentic view of senior leaders is growing between enterprises. Servant leadership style focuses on putting the needs of others first and helping them develop their skills in order to assist them in performing as highly as possible (Mittal and Dorfman, 2012). Robert Greenleaf provided in 1970 that a servant leader focuses on fulfilling the demands of employees first and serving them rather than fulfilling his/her own interest. Effective implementation of servant leadership style promotes open culture in a firm because employees feel that they are a curial part of the company. Managers fulfill the requirements of employees which motivates them to perform better and improve their overall performance (Melchar and Bosco, 2010). Schein highlighted the importance of upward communication in his interview, and he provided how open culture enable employees to share their opinions with the managers. Servant leadership encourages employees to give their feedback to leaders because of availability of effective communication channels (Pekerti and Sendjaya, 2010). Therefore, implementation of servant leadership assists managers in establishing an open culture in the organisation which leads to sustaining its future growth. Another leadership style which promotes open culture in companies is Charismatic leadership style. Charismatic leaders focus on inspiring the people around them and encourage them to do things together. The attitude and personality of charismatic leader play a crucial part in the establishment of an open culture since it inspires passion and action in others (Wilderom, van den Berg, and Wiersma, 2012). Charismatic leaders are often visionaries, much like pacesetters and innovators. They have clear vision regarding their goals and purpose which motivates others to follow them as well. The inspiration creates a positive and open culture in the company since employees are motivated to achieve common organisational objectives. Schein stated that it is necessary for leaders to forget their ego and work with employees to find creative and innovative solutions for business issues which lead to sustaining their growth (Avolio and Yammarino, 2013). Similarly, charismatic leaders focus on esta blishing positive communication with employees in order to understand their issues and finding creative solutions for addressing such problems which positively influence their performance. On the other hand, Laissez-Faire leadership style focuses on providing very little guidance to employees as long as they are achieving the organisational target (Rafiq Awan and Mahmood, 2010). Instead of inspiring employees to perform better as per Charismatic leaders, Laissez-Faire style focuses on delegating responsibilities and allowing employees to take business decisions which establish a positive culture since employees feel like a part of the company. Daniel Goleman gave the concept of affiliative leadership style in 2002 which provides that the leaders should build effective teams in which members feel connected to each other (Hadjithoma-Garstka, 2011). The primary objective of affiliative leadership style is to develop harmonious workgroup culture which helps employees in solving disputes. The harmony between employees reduces the number of organisational disputes which resulted in developing an open and positive work culture. Employees feel connected with colleagues and managers which resulted in creating positive upward communication channels that lead to improving their performance and sustaining firms growth (Chapman, Johnson, and Kilner, 2014). Similarly, Participative leadership style focuses on taking employees inputs during decision-making process which resulted in establishing an open culture in the enterprise in which employees feel confident to give their opinion regarding existing and future organisational policies ( Dorfman, et al., 2012). Participative leaders boost the morale of employees because they provide them the option to contribute to the decision-making process in the firm. Effective participative leadership style helps employees in accepting changes in the organisations since they play a role in the process. Participative leaders promote collaboration in work, encourage sharing of ideas, and conflict resolution which leads to establishing an open culture in the enterprise (Gharibvand, 2012). It also assists in improving upward communication in a company since employees share their views and opinions with managers during decision-making process which creates an open culture in the organisation. Factors that hinder the development of Open Culture There are a number of factors which hinders the development of open culture in corporations that resulted in negatively affecting the performance of employees. Lack of effective open culture increases various issues in the organisation such as workplace disputes, worker absenteeism, discouraged employees, negative relationship between management and workers, reduction in firms performance, lack of upward communication, difficult in managing change, and many others (Mortara and Minshall, 2011). Managers are required to assess various factors which negatively affect the development of open culture in the company. Schein provided that one of the key factors which negatively affect the development of an open culture in corporations is the ego of managers. Leaders who consider themselves above their followers failed to establish an open culture in their organisations. Employees did not feel connected to their leader which discourages them from communicating their issues with managers. Ego istic behaviour of leaders negatively affects the upward communication in the organisation because employees did not feel safe while sharing their issues with the manager (Gebauer, Edvardsson and Bjurko, 2010). They did not feel connected with the leader, and they fear that sharing their issues might negatively affect their position the company. Schein stated that egoistic behaviour of managers negatively affects the performance of employees and the company as a whole due to lack of upward communication (Schein, 2012). He stated that management is a collaborative effort and leaders require losing their ego in order to develop an open culture in the company which positively influence the performance of employees and the corporation. Lack of communication channels between employees and managers is another factor which hinders the development of open culture in a company. Employees feel discouraged if they are not able to share their issues or problems regarding the working environment in a firm. Generally, senior level management develops policies for employees without involving their opinion in the process (De Vries, Bakker-Pieper, and Oostenveld, 2010). Such policies did not necessarily address the issues faced by employees because the management did not involve their opinions or collect their feedback. Lack of effective communication policies also resulted in increasing organisational disputes. A high number of conflict between employees results in decreasing the productive performance of employees (Zulch, 2014). Demotivated employees did not focus on fulfilling organisational goals; instead, it hinders the development of open culture in the firm. Managers should focus on creating a working atmosphere in which internal communication is easy and free flowing because it is ideal for culture creation. Difficulty in the establishment of an open culture arises when speaking to one another become forced, un-enjoyable and difficult for employees. An open culture requires that employees are able to freely share their thoughts and opinions regarding the issues that they face in the organisation to senior level management. Effective culture can be fostered and easily achieved through the recruitment and selection process. Another factor which hinders the development of open culture in corporations is that no one in the firm talks about the culture. The senior-level managers should discuss regarding the internal culture in a company and focus on implementing policies that promote the establishment of an open culture (Zehir, et al., 2011). The top-level executives should take appropriate steps for developing and establishing a positive culture in the enterprise because it cannot be established without their support. Poor discipline is another factor which negatively affects the development of open culture in the enterprise. For example, undisciplined environment makes it easy for unethical behaviour to prosper which discourage employees in a firm. If the senior level management did not act in time to punish or remove unethical employees, it will discourage ethical employees to perform better. Employees are more likely to avoid organisational policies if they see that the management did not punish or rem ove unethical employees for their behaviour (Sanchez, et al., 2013). It resulted in increasing disputes between employees, and they are less likely to comply with organisational policies which hinder the development of an open culture. Hypercompetitiveness between employees also results in creating barriers for the establishment of positive and open culture in a company. For example, if a firms culture rewards its employees who pursue personal advantage rather than focusing on their contribution to the performance of the entire team, it will result in hinders the development of an open culture (Chen, Lin, and Michel, 2010). In this case, employees might overstep ethical boundaries in order to get ahead of their competition which leads to increasing organisation disputes. Friendly competition between employees assist in improving the performance of workers, but when the competition gets too competitive, it negatively affects the development of an open culture. Lack of empathy among employees and management is another factor which adversely influences the development of an open culture in an enterprise. Human interaction between top-level managers and employees is necessary since it is a fundamental requirement to cr eate relationships as well as culture (Baumeister and Masicampo, 2010). For example, understanding and being empathetic towards employees and co-workers assist in strengthening the relationship between them which resulted in creating an open culture in the enterprise. Managers should determine and understand these factors since they negatively affect the development of an open culture in a company. They should implement effective policies for addressing these factors in order to establish a positive and open culture in the enterprise. Impact of Distributed forms of Leadership Distributed leadership is defined as mobilising leadership expertise at different levels in order to generate more opportunities for building and changing capacity for improvement. The concept of distributed leadership primarily concerned with the practice of leadership instead of defining different leadership roles or responsibilities. It promotes organisational learning which is crucial for developing employees capabilities and sustaining the growth of an enterprise (Harris, 2011). Distributed leadership approach focuses on understanding the influence of leadership and it affects different individuals in a firm. It equates with collective, extended and shared leadership approach which assist in building the capacity for improvement and change. Modern leaders focus on implementing distributed leadership approach for addressing various organisational challenges and implementing an open culture in the firm. The popularity of distributed leadership is growing among modern leaders, and new forms of distributed leadership are emerging. For example, MacBeath (2005) provided six different forms of distributed leaders which include pragmatic, formal, opportunistic, cultural, strategic and incremental. Distributed leadership approach focuses on various factors such as upward communication, open culture, leadership challenges and others in order to implement policies for improving employees performance and sustaining firms growth. Levy (2015) provided that modern executives are accepting the importance of new leadership approaches, but the pace of change is considerably slow. Most leaders avoid implementing these policies which resulted in negatively affecting the effectiveness of their leadership style. Increase in a number of distributed forms of leadership resulted in positively affecting the leadership styles of modern leaders. The impact of increase in distributed form of leadership will enable managers to assess various leadership challenges faced by them (Bolden, 2011). Such information will assist them in implementing effective policies for addressing leadership challenges that assist in sustaining the firms future growth. Schein provided that most of the senior executives did not understand the importance of collaboration with employees and how it can assist them in effectively operating the corporation. The behaviour of leaders also plays a crucial role in effective implementation of effective distri buted leadership style. With new emerging forms of distributed leadership styles, leaders will be able to effectively handle different issues faced by them while operating a multinational enterprise. They will be able to effectively address the challenges faced by them due to globalisation and digitalisation (Lumby, 2013). Therefore, emerging of distributed forms of leadership will assist managers in improving their leadership style and effectively addressing the challenges faced by them while operating multinational corporations. In conclusion, multinational enterprises are changing due to various factors such as changing market requirement, fluctuating political factors, requirement of innovation, challenges relating to employees, impact of social media and other. These factors create new leadership challenges for managers such as managing organisational change, employee disputes, performance management, lack of honest feedback, and others. There are various leadership styles which facilitate the open culture as provided by Schein such as Servant, Charismatic, Laissez-Faire, Affiliative, Participative and others. There are various factors which hinder the development of an open culture in the enterprise such as poor communication, hypercompetitiveness, disputes, lack of empathy, not providing importance to organisational culture and others. Emerging distributed forms of leadership positively influence managers since it assists them in establish a positive organisational culture, addressing leadership challen ges, and others. Managers should implement effective policies for improving their leadership styles which result in improving employees performance and sustaining the companys future growth. References Avolio, B.J. and Yammarino, F.J. eds. (2013) Introduction to, and overview of, transformational and charismatic leadership. InTransformational and Charismatic Leadership: The Road Ahead 10th Anniversary Edition(pp. xxvii-xxxiii). Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Ayman, R. and Korabik, K. (2010) Leadership: Why gender and culture matter.American Psychologist,65(3), p.157. Battelle, J. (2011)The search: How Google and its rivals rewrote the rules of business and transformed our culture. Nicholas Brealey Publishing. Baumeister, R.F. and Masicampo, E.J. (2010) Conscious thought is for facilitating social and cultural interactions: How mental simulations serve the animalculture interface.Psychological review,117(3), p.945. Bolden, R. (2011) Distributed leadership in organizations: A review of theory and research.International Journal of Management Reviews,13(3), pp.251-269. Chapman, A.L., Johnson, D. and Kilner, K. (2014) Leadership styles used by senior medical leaders: patterns, influences and implications for leadership development.Leadership in Health Services,27(4), pp.283-298. Chen, M.J., Lin, H.C. and Michel, J.G. (2010) Navigating in a hypercompetitive environment: the roles of action aggressiveness and TMT integration.Strategic Management Journal,31(13), pp.1410-1430. De Vries, R.E., Bakker-Pieper, A. and Oostenveld, W. (2010) Leadership= communication? The relations of leaders communication styles with leadership styles, knowledge sharing and leadership outcomes.Journal of business and psychology,25(3), pp.367-380. Dorfman, P., Javidan, M., Hanges, P., Dastmalchian, A. and House, R. (2012) GLOBE: A twenty year journey into the intriguing world of culture and leadership.Journal of World Business,47(4), pp.504-518. Gebauer, H., Edvardsson, B. and Bjurko, M. (2010) The impact of service orientation in corporate culture on business performance in manufacturing companies.Journal of Service Management,21(2), pp.237-259. Gharibvand, S. (2012) The relationship between Malaysian organizational culture, participative leadership style, and employee job satisfaction among Malaysian employees from semiconductor industry.International Journal of business and social science,3(16). Greenstein, F.I. (2012)The presidential difference: Leadership style from FDR to Barack Obama. New Jersey: Princeton University Press. Groves, K.S. and LaRocca, M.A. (2011) An empirical study of leader ethical values, transformational and transactional leadership, and follower attitudes toward corporate social responsibility.Journal of Business Ethics,103(4), pp.511-528. Hadjithoma?Garstka, C. (2011) The role of the principal's leadership style in the implementation of ICT policy.British Journal of Educational Technology,42(2), pp.311-326. Harris, A. (2011) Distributed leadership: Implications for the role of the principal.Journal of Management Development,31(1), pp.7-17. Iles, P., Chuai, X. and Preece, D. (2010) Talent management and HRM in multinational companies in Beijing: Definitions, differences and drivers.Journal of World Business,45(2), pp.179-189. Javidan, M. and Dastmalchian, A. (2009) Managerial implications of the GLOBE project: A study of 62 societies.Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources,47(1), pp.41-58. Levy, P. (2015) Has the CEO really changed or is it business asusual?. [Online] The Conversation. Available at: https://theconversation.com/has-the-ceo-really-changed-or-is-it-business-as-usual-36739 [Accessed 10 March 2018]. Lumby, J. (2013) Distributed leadership: The uses and abuses of power.Educational Management Administration Leadership,41(5), pp.581-597. MacBeath, J. (2005) Leadership as distributed: A matter of practice.School leadership and management,25(4), pp.349-366. McDonnell, A., Lamare, R., Gunnigle, P. and Lavelle, J. (2010) Developing tomorrow's leadersEvidence of global talent management in multinational enterprises.Journal of world business,45(2), pp.150-160. Melchar, D.E. and Bosco, S.M. (2010) Achieving high organization performance through servant leadership. Gabelli School of Business. Mittal, R. and Dorfman, P.W. (2012) Servant leadership across cultures.Journal of World Business,47(4), pp.555-570. Mortara, L. and Minshall, T. (2011) How do large multinational companies implement open innovation?.Technovation,31(10-11), pp.586-597. Pekerti, A.A. and Sendjaya, S. (2010) Exploring servant leadership across cultures: Comparative study in Australia and Indonesia.The International Journal of Human Resource Management,21(5), pp.754-780. Rafiq Awan, M. and Mahmood, K. (2010) Relationship among leadership style, organizational culture and employee commitment in university libraries.Library management,31(4/5), pp.253-266. Snchez, J.H., Snchez, Y.H., Collado-Ruiz, D. and Cebrin-Tarrasn, D. (2013) Knowledge creating and sharing corporate culture framework.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,74, pp.388-397. Schein, E.H. (2012) The role of leadership in the management of organizational transformation and learning.Handbook for strategic HR: best practices in organization development from the OD network. Section,6. Wilderom, C.P., van den Berg, P.T. and Wiersma, U.J. (2012) A longitudinal study of the effects of charismatic leadership and organizational culture on objective and perceived corporate performance.The Leadership Quarterly,23(5), pp.835-848. Zehir, C., Ertosun, .G., Zehir, S. and Mceldili, B. (2011) The effects of leadership styles and organizational culture over firm performance: Multi-National companies in ?stanbul.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,24, pp.1460-1474. Zulch, B. (2014) Leadership communication in project management.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,119, pp.172-181.

The Bottom of Space free essay sample

†¦The blistering cold pierced my skin as a sword pierces flesh. Despite the amount of protective gear that I was wearing, I could not lock the cold out. Never in my wildest dreams did I imagine that I would ever experience so much torture. I continued to climb, knowing all along that the climb might be my undoing. The storm was worsening. A blanket of snow smothered everything in white. Without the 80 MPH wind, it would have been an easier assent. However, the wind was there, and it turned the snow into a weapon, billions of needles that penetrated my gear and attempted to destroy me. Steve was no longer in sight; the only indication he was still alive was the tension on the ten foot rope that united us. I estimated that we were about 27,000 feet high with still another 2,000 feet to go. This is the stage of the climb that we have trained our lungs for, but never did we imagine that our lungs would deal with this paucity of oxygen. We will write a custom essay sample on The Bottom of Space or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page When we hit 28,000 feet, the storm relented. The sun punched through the clouds, slowly warming our frost bitten faces. I suddenly came to the realization that we climbed higher than the clouds could dream of reaching. Steve finally became visible in front of me, and looked back at me with a smile. â€Å"One-thousand feet to go,† I yelled to him. His smile grew brighter and he turned, looking forward once again. No words needed to be exchanged, for the message was evident to both of us. In another thousand feet, we were going to accomplish the goal that we have dreamed since we first began climbing. We entered a state of Nirvana, a level of excitement that only people who climbed this high could understand. After another hour of walking, we reached our goal, the summit of Mount Everest. For the first time in three months since arriving at Base Camp One, we stopped, awe-stricken by the sight before us. The bright blue sky above us appeared as a blanket for the world, surrounding it and keeping it warm. The sun was completely visible at 29,029 feet above sea level, and was high above us as a trophy of our accomplishment. This was a trophy that few men in history have held. Steve turned to me and we embraced each other in our excitement. â€Å"We did it!† Steve proc laimed to me, â€Å"We reached the top of the world!† That phrase took a great toll on me. I did not see this climb as the pinnacle of our lives, but as only ticking off one of many on a long list of future accomplishments. It is at the top of this mountain that a person realizes that there is a substantial amount still to accomplish. For some, it is to continue climbing. For others, it is to settle down and have the peaceful life we climbers have always dreamed. There was a fork at the summit of Mount Everest with a sign in the middle. In one direction, the sign reads the top of the world. In the other direction, the sign reads the bottom of the universe. Steve was taking the road that read â€Å"the top of the world†, and I was taking the road that read the â€Å"bottom of the universe†. â€Å"Are you ready to head back down?† Steve asked as he broke my train of thought, â€Å"It has been a half hour already, and we want to make it back to Camp IV befo re the afternoon weather sets in.† â€Å"Alright, let’s go,† I replied. We made it down to 27,500 feet without difficulty. However, we had no choice but to walk right into the storm we faced during our assent. The afternoon weather intensified the storm exponentially. We were in a fight for our lives once again†¦

Filipino Psychology essays

Filipino Psychology essays We have discussed about making a research on the psychology of the Filipinos, and the field I chose is on Personality. Much has been written and many research studies conducted on Filipino personality. But previous literatures have discussed related themes on values, personality traits, behavior, and norms of conduct of the Filipino in the light used by Western methods, using Western language not indigenous to the Filipino culture. Nevertheless, there have been studies conducted that tried to use Filipino terminologies that have typefied cultural value traits as derived from Malay roots, and Chinese, Indian, Spanish, and American influences (Andres,1981). Recent studies by Landa Jocano show that underneath these cultural diversities of the Filipino, basic similarities still exist in institutional behavior and value orientation. The reason therefore in making this study is to understand the Filipino value system because to understand it is to appreciate Filipino behavior. This paper seeks to find out what is the attitude of the 4th year Psychology Students of Xavier University as a key to understanding Filipino behavior and personality. 1. To show the structure of Filipino standards of excellence (pamantayan) 2. To identify the concepts of desirable traits. 3. To enumerate the ideals people want to achieve. 4. To evaluate the attitude of 4th year Psychology students of Xavier University in the light of the standards as a value model. 1. Identify the target population in yr this case the 4th year psychology students of Xavier University. 2. See them personally before conducting the actual study to explain that they are one of the subjects under study. 3. Write a formal letter and make them commit to answer the questionnaire as honestly as possible. ...

Owl Facts

Owl Facts Hailed for their supposed wisdom  and their appetite for pesky rodents  but derided as pests and subjects  of superstition, owls (families Tytonidae and Strigidae) have had a love/hate relationship with humans since the beginning of recorded history. There are over 200 species of owls, and they might date back to the days of dinosaurs. Fast Facts: Owls Scientific Name: Tytonidae, StrigidaeCommon Names: Barn and bay owls, true owlsBasic Animal Group: BirdSize: Wingspans from 13–52 inchesWeight: 1.4 ounces to 4 poundsLifespan: 1–30 yearsDiet:  CarnivoreHabitat: Every continent except Antarctica, most environmentsConservation Status: Most owls are listed as Least Concerned, but a few are Endangered or Critically Endangered. Description There are about 216 species of owls divided into two families: Barn and Bay owls (Tytonidae) and the Strigidae (true owls). Most owls belong to the group of so-called true owls, with large heads and round faces, short tails, and muted feathers with mottled patterns. The remaining dozen-plus species are barn owls, which have heart-shaped faces, long legs with powerful talons, and moderate size. Except for the common barn owl, which is found worldwide, the most familiar owls in North America and Eurasia are the true owls. More than half of the owls in the world live in the neotropics and sub-Saharan Africa, and only 19 species reside in the United States and Canada. One of the most remarkable things about owls is that they move their entire heads when looking at something rather than moving their eyes, like most other vertebrates. Owls need large, forward-facing eyes to gather scarce light during their nocturnal hunts, and evolution couldnt spare the musculature to allow these eyes to rotate. Some owls have astonishingly flexible necks that let them turn their heads three-quarters of a circle, or 270 degrees, compared to 90 degrees for the average human being. The tawny owl is just one of the more than 225 owl species in the world. Nick Jewell/Flickr/CC by 2.0 Habitat and Distribution Owls are found on every continent except Antarctica, and they also inhabit many remote island groups including the Hawaiian islands. Their preferred habitats vary from species to species but include everything from arctic tundra to marshlands, deciduous and conifer forests, deserts and agricultural fields, and beaches. Diet and Behavior Owls swallow their prey- insects, small mammals and reptiles, and other birds- whole without biting or chewing. Most of the unfortunate animal is digested, but the parts that cant be broken down- such as bones, fur, and feathers- are regurgitated as a hard lump, called a pellet, a few hours after the owls meal. By examining these pellets, researchers can identify what a given owl has been eating and when. (Baby owls dont produce pellets since their parents feed  them soft,  regurgitated food in the nest.) Although other carnivorous birds, such as hawks and eagles, hunt during the day, most owls hunt at night. Their dark colors make them nearly invisible to their prey and their wings beat almost silently. These adaptations, combined with their enormous eyes, put owls among the most efficient night hunters on the planet. As befitting birds that hunt and kill small prey, owls have some of the strongest talons in the avian kingdom, capable of seizing and grasping squirrels, rabbits, and other squirmy mammals. One of the largest owl species, the five-pound great horned owl,  can curl its talons with a force of 300 pounds per square inch, roughly comparable to the strongest human bite. Some unusually large owls have talons comparable in size to those of much bigger eagles, which may explain  why even desperately hungry eagles usually wont attack their smaller cousins. In popular culture,  owls are invariably depicted as extremely intelligent, but its virtually impossible to train an owl, while parrots, hawks, ​and pigeons can be taught to retrieve objects and memorize simple tasks.  People think owls are smart for the same reason they think kids who wear glasses are smart: Bigger-than-usual eyes convey the impression of high intelligence. This doesnt mean owls are especially dumb, either; they need lots  of brain power to hunt at night. Reproduction and Offspring Owl mating rituals involve dual hooting, and once paired, a single male and female will remain together through the breeding season. Some species stay together for an entire year; others remain paired for life. They dont typically build their own nests, instead, they take over nests abandoned by other creatures. Owls can be aggressively territorial, especially during the breeding season. Mother owls lay between one and 11 eggs over a few days period, with an average of five or six. Once laid, she does not leave the nest until the eggs hatch, some 24–32 days later, and, although the male feeds her, she does tend to lose weight over that period. The chicks hack themselves out of the egg with an egg-tooth and leave the nest (fledge) after 3–4 weeks. No one is sure why, on average, female owls are slightly larger than males. One theory is that smaller males are more agile and therefore more suited to catching prey,​ while females brood young. Another is that because  females dont like to leave their eggs, they need a larger body mass to sustain them for long periods without eating. A third theory is less likely but more amusing: Since female owls often attack and drive off unsuitable males during mating season, the smaller size and greater agility of males prevent  them from getting hurt.   CGander Photography/Getty Images Evolutionary History Its difficult to trace the evolutionary origins of owls, much less their apparent kinship with contemporary  nightjars, falcons, and eagles. Owl-like birds  such as Berruornis and Ogygoptynx lived 60 million years ago during the Paleocene epoch, which means it is possible that the ancestors of owls coexisted with dinosaurs toward the end of the Cretaceous period. The strigid family of owls broke off from tyronids and first appeared in the Miocene epoch (23–5 million years ago). Owls are one of the most ancient terrestrial birds, rivaled only by the game birds (e.g., chickens, turkeys, and pheasants) of the order Galliformes. Conservation Status Most of the species in the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) are listed as Least Concern, but a few are listed as Endangered or Critically Endangered, such as the Forest Owlet (Heteroglaux blewitti) in India; the Boreal Owl (Aegolius funereus) in North America, Asia, and Europe; and the Siau Scops-Owl (Otus siaoensis), on a single island in Indonesia. Ongoing threats to owls are hunters, climate change and habitat loss. Owls and Humans It  isnt a good idea to keep owls as pets, and not just because thats illegal in the U.S. and most other countries. Owls eat only fresh food, requiring a constant supply of mice, gerbils, rabbits, and other small mammals. Also, their beaks and talons are very sharp, so youd also need a stock of bandages. If that werent enough, an owl can live for more than 30 years, so youd be donning your industrial-strength gloves and flinging gerbils into its cage for many years. Ancient civilizations had widely divergent opinions about owls. The Greeks chose  owls to represent Athena, the goddess of wisdom, but Romans were terrified of them, considering them bearers of ill omens. The Aztecs and  Mayans hated and feared owls as symbols of death and destruction, while many Native American tribes scared their children with stories of owls waiting in the dark to carry them away. The ancient Egyptians had a kinder view of owls, believing that they protected the spirits of the dead as they traveled to the underworld. Sources Askew, Nick. List of Owl Species. BirdLife International, June 24, 2009.BirdLife International. Micrathene The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: e.T22689325A93226849, 2016.  whitneyi.BirdLife International. Bubo . The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: e.T22689055A127837214, 2017.scandiacus (errata version published in 2018)BirdLife International. Heteroglaux . The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: e.T22689335A132251554, 2018.blewittiBirdLife International. Aegolius . The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: e.T22689362A93228127, 2016.  funereusBirdLife International. Otus . The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: e.T22728599A134199532, 2018.siaoensisLynch, Wayne. Owls of the United States and Canada: A Complete Guide to their Biology and Behavior. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007.

The United States Embargo on Cuba Research Paper

The United States Embargo on Cuba - Research Paper Example It was the year 1492, when Christopher Columbus had sailed out to the ocean blue. He came across an island which was enriched with beauty so fascinating that he had never seen it before. As years went by, the Island of Cuba gradually developed into one of the most booming and substantial Latin American nation with specialties like lush plantations, coffee and its all time favorite tobacco. However, on the other hand, for almost a period of 50 years, the Caribbean nation has continuously been engaged in this courageous battle that involves its super power neighbor, the United States of America.1 In an ongoing effort towards the so called nationalization of private property in Cuba, America has performed one of the longest travel and as well as economic blockades against any specific nation. Finally after passing away of a 50 year’s milestone, global community seems to be almost united with a belief that these sanctions against Cuba have actually failed drastically. A step furth er, the world is now wondering as to why these American policies continue to this day. To gain a full understanding to the conflict between the United States and Cuba, we must talk about the situation that prevailed well beyond this recent 50-year deadlock and analyze aspects that emerged after the Spanish-American War. In 1898, Cuba emerged as a territory of the US, along with Philippines, Guam and Puerto Rico. Not much time had passed that in the year 1902, Theodore Roosevelt who was then the US President permitted Cuba to declare its independence as a free state. However certain terms and conditions were applied. He made an agreement with the new formed government, securing two of the major advantages. One, America holds the right to oversee Cuba’s financial and international affairs. Two, he also asked for leasing of a naval base located at Guantanamo Bay.2 As we further look into the provisions and focus on the enlarged scope of the embargo, it is noticed that the United States had placed its initial sanction and restriction on the country, Cuba in the year 1960. This was done via restrictions placed on the importations of sugar cane from Cuba. This first sanction was imposed as an answer to the step taken by the Cuban government of nationalization of foreign assets as well as other organizations. This angered the United States as most of these businesses belonged to the citizens of the United States. Since then, the US government authorities have extended such sanctions against Cuba. As a result, today it can be observed that the trade embargo has eventually broadened into an entire comprehensive set of financial, economical and commercial sanctions which are documented within regulations such as Act of 1917: Trading with the Enemy, Act of 1961: Foreign Assistance, Assets Control Regulations of Cuba (1963), Cuban Democracy Act (Torricelli Act 1992), The Trade Sanctions Reform (2000), and the 2000 Act of Export Enhancement.34 Several other sanction s and restrictions were further imposed due to which this Cuban embargo is known as a â€Å"comprehensive set of US sanctions† imposed on a nation. The restrictions that were imposed in the embargo had major impacts on the social and basic rights of people. This set of so called laws helped towards deprivation of Cuba from availing technological developments, medicines, substances for purifying water, food as well as electrical power. Not only this, economic rights were also neglected and added to the negative impact of the embargo. It extensively affected the environmental and socioeconomic aspects of

English law is too generous to secured creditors. Discuss Essay

English law is too generous to secured creditors. Discuss - Essay Example For clarity, a definition of secured and unsecured creditors will first be established. Then, the discussion will proceed to the various laws and case laws proving that indeed, the laws of UK favours secured creditors. Likewise, the newer laws that are supposed to reform these unfair legislations favouring secured creditors will be addressed. Finally, a conclusion will be formed on the basis of the laws presented whether or not the adage is true. Secured and Unsecured Creditors To define well what secured creditors are, it would be best to first define its anti-thesis, the unsecured creditors. Unsecured creditors are individuals or companies owed money by other individuals or companies which have no recourse for an asset, collateral or fund for repayment in cases wherein default of debtor's payment occurs. On the other hand, secured creditors are generally those that have the benefit of having a security interest over the debtor’s assets. With regards to the English law, parti cularly in relation to the administration of liquidation of companies, insolvency and bankruptcy, the creditors that claims share in the asset are classified into two, i.e., the unsecured and the secured creditors. The former stands pari passu to the later in the event of insolvency or administrative receivership or liquidation. Simply put, secured creditors are treated favourably over unsecured ones in terms of recourse against debtor assets including employees ((Rapalje & Lawrence, 1997). Pertinent Laws on Secured Creditors English law referred to secured creditors numerous times since time immemorial. Most of these references showed favour towards them as opposed to unsecured creditors. The United Kingdom’s security law for instance, has weighed heavily in secured creditors’ favour. Likewise, in cases of insolvency, unsecured creditors rank behind the secured ones. Additionally, secured creditors having qualifying floating charge may have control over the manner of security to be enforced. Moreover, the English law allows secured lenders to enforce said security and step in via a business take over and run the debtor’s business in accordance to their preferences without any due notice given to other unsecured creditors. With these few examples alone, the adage â€Å"English law is too generous to secured creditors† is already being justified. In legislation, secured creditors are given the right to appoint their own â€Å"administrative receiver† in the same manner that they could also block an administrator should they find it necessary (Insolvency Act, 1986). As such, it becomes impossible for them to acquire the business without the intervention of 3rd parties. To prove further that the â€Å"English law is too generous to secured creditors†, several case laws will be discussed as evidence of this adage. All these cases basically revolves around the pursuit of one party to disregard the pari passu law that favors secured creditors over unsecured one, all to no avail. First case in point is the British Eagle International Air Lines Ltd v Cie Nationale Air France (1975). This is a case of English insolvency law that involves a company that winded up and disputes among creditors ensued. This judgment for this case decided it against public policy to vary insolvent estate’s claims and declare unlawful to contract against Insolvency Act of 1986. Thus, the sum due to Air

Pilot fatigue as a causal factor in aviation accidents Essay Example for Free

Pilot fatigue as a causal factor in aviation accidents Essay This paper aims to delve into the processes and effects of pilot fatigue and its role as a causal factor in aviation accidents. Pilot fatigue as a term is hard to define since different kind of people feel it in different ways and in certain degrees. For the purpose of this paper, however, we will define pilot fatigue as a state of mental and physical exhaustion resulting in a decrease in the ability to perform and maintain activities. The paper will examine the causes of pilot fatigue, its effect to pilot performance in the aircraft and its role in causing aviation accidents. The feeling of fatigue is usually associated with two factors; lack of sleep and disruption of the body’s normal circadian rhythm. The occurrence of one or both usually results in a feeling of sleepiness, tiredness and exhaustion. One of the most essential functions in the human body is sleep. Sleep is the main way by which the body receives rest and enables it to resume activities after wakening. The effects of sleep have been almost based mostly on the results felt with and without it. Generally, having the proper amount of sleep, about 6-8 hours, results in a feeling of well being and freshness. Sleep loss means the time getting less sleep than what is required by the body to perform functions effectively upon awakening. The amount of sleep one needs to perform effectively varies per person, with some needing eight hours while others can simply make do with four. If one needs only 4 hours, and he only sleeps two, two hours of sleep loss occurs. The first night of sleep loss may or may not have a perceptible impact on work activities but after cumulative sleep losses, the impact also increases. Sleep is one of the various body processes regulated by our circadian rhythm. The circadian rhythm deals with regulating processes based on cycles of night and day. When one alters the circadian rhythm, it disrupts the body’s natural cycle of rest and sleep. (Sanquist, Raby, Forsythe, Carvalhais, 1997) Fatigue effects are generally the body’s way of attempting to get some rest. These include drowsiness, lapsing in and out of sleep, reduced alertness and muscle coordination, loss of concentration and spotty memory. A fatigued person has sluggish movements, slow reaction times and a tendency to lose focus of the task at hand. Graver is the tendency to become unconscious for brief periods of time, neglecting whatever action at hand. (Conway, Mode, Berman, Martin, Hill, 2005) In pilots, any one of these could lead to disaster. However, when a combination of them occurs, the risks rise dramatically. (Caldwell, 2005) Being a pilot exposes one to situations that result in fatigue. The schedule takes it toll. The paperwork and checks that a pilot has to undergo before the flight proper results in stress. However, it is the flight itself which is the main factor for fatigue in pilots. The long flights leave a pilot almost no time for rest, much less sleep. The banality of looking at controls aids in boring the pilot. Also, the travel of the plane may take it across one or more flight zones. One of the main indicators in the circadian rhythm is daylight. Taking a trip across time zones exposes the pilot to varying amounts of daylight in a single day. This is what’s properly known as jet lag. (Petrie, Powell, Broadbent, 2004) A fatigued pilot may find it easy to succumb to the effects of fatigue during a flight. Bourgeois-Bougrine, Carbon, Gounelle, Mollard, Coblentz, 2003) The cabin pressure, the dim lights, the monotonous sounds, all this have the potential to lure a tired pilot to sleep. Although resting periods are prescribed during flight, no relaxing sleep is derived from them. (Samel, Vejvoda, Maass, 2004) Pilots may also succumb to boredom fatigue, when their tasks become dull and monotonous. (Caldwell, 2001) Whatever discipline or training a pilot may have, it is no much to the needs of the body. It is true that as a pilot, one must be at peak alertness and performance. The effect of fatigue disrupts this and would logically lead to a disturbance in pilot activities. Once airborne, pilots must be vigilant in maintaining airspeed, altitude, pitch and course. In landing, they must be sure of themselves and their movements when banking, controlling the flaps and lowering the wheels. (Raymond Moser, 1995) Fatigue can make a pilot fail in any one of these tasks. This can cause aviation accidents. (Goode, 2003) However, data on the subject cannot empirically say what role fatigue plays. The effects of fatigue may be causative to accidents, but these effects can be induced by other means. There have been many cases where pilot error was cited to be the cause of the crash. However the reasons behind those errors may or may not be due to fatigue. Also, even with a fatigued pilot, it is possible to avoid incidents. (Goode, 2003)Co-pilots are in place not just to assist, but when necessary, take over a pilot. Although no empirical data supports fatigue as a major cause of aviation incidents, the fact that it can lead to such events have led aviation industry officials to take precautionary measures to prevent as well as minimize the effect of fatigue and the risks it entails to both passenger and crew. Guidelines regarding scheduling, medication and on air conduct are aimed to reduce pilot fatigue and boredom. (Conway et al. , 2004) Ensuring that the pilot is rested and is free from fatigue does not ensure an incident-free flight, but it does minimize the risks that the effects of fatigue could lead to disaster. (Smith Mason, 2001) Research Log The first step that I did was to identify the topic. I chose fatigue in pilots and its role in accidents since I have often looked up to pilots and wishes to know what happens when they are fatigued when flying. I researched materials relevant to my topic, from books I had to the internet. I began my paper by clearly stating what I wanted to express,as to avoid confusion and backtracking by the reader. The definition of terms was next to aid the reader in digesting the paper. The body consisted of a cause, effect and then role format. I presented the causes with the desire to impress upon the reader that fatigue happens to any one and everyone. I then enumerated the effects of fatigue to show how such a common event can lead to many risks. Next, particular focus was given to the pilots and their susceptibility to conditions leading to fatigue and conducive to its effects. Afterwards, I expressed that the effects of fatigue in pilots can lead to accidents. However, I refrained from directly pressing the role of fatigue since no data supports it directly. I used the effect of fatigue to show that since A causes B, then C which is caused by B is indirectly related to A. Afterwards, I wrapped up the paper with the measures being taken to prevent fatigue as well as a brief concluding statement.

Encomium of Jimmy Carter :: essays research papers

There is an old Latin saying that reads, â€Å"Dimidum facti qui coepit habet sapere aude† (He who has begun has half done. Have the courage to be wise.). For proof of this, you need look no further than to our thirty-ninth president James Earl Carter Jr., more fondly known as Jimmy Carter. During his presidency, Pres. Carter showed himself prudent and often made the wise decision over the popular vote. Jimmy Carter aspired to make government competent and compassionate and his achievements were notable.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Pres. Carter was probably instilled with the gift of prudence because of his upbringing. Born on October 1, 1924, right in the middle of the depression, Pres. Carter had to help his family with the peanut farming. However, he knew that peanut farming was the not the right career choice for him. Talk of politics and devotion to the Baptist faith were also mainstays of his upbringing. Starting out slowly, Pres. Carter entered politics in 1962 and eight years later ran for the Governor of Georgia and was elected. President Carter began his two-year campaign for President in December 1974. Campaigning hard against President Gerald R. Ford, he debated him three times. Jimmy Carter won the election by 297 electoral votes to 241 for Ford.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Now, we could point out a number of prudent decisions Jimmy Carter made for our country. He dealt with the energy shortage, he prompted Government efficiency through civil service reform, he sought to improve the environment, and created the Department of Education. The biggest challenge Pres. Carter faced during his time in office, and the one where his virtue of prudence shined, was with Iran. On November 4, 1979, Iranian militants stormed the United States Embassy in Tehran and took approximately fifty-two Americans captive. The terrorist act triggered the most profound crisis of the Carter presidency and began a personal ordeal for Jimmy Carter and the American people that lasted 444 days. President Carter committed himself to the safe return of the hostages while protecting America’s interests and prestige. He pursued a policy of restraint that put a higher value on the lives of the hostages over protecting his own political future. Ultimately, his cho ice to bring them home, ended in his defeat.

Malls Are Actually a Haven for Crime

Imagine getting out of your car to go shopping at the mall. You do not plan on staying long; you just have some more Christmas shopping that you need to do. You have your budget, your list of items to buy, and you are in a hurry to get it all done by the time the mall closes. You are proud of yourself for how organized you are. It seems that you have everything planned according to what you need, however, that is not the case.   As you walk into the first store on your list, you reach for your wallet and realize that it is gone. You dig in your pockets, but find no trace. While you were in the mall, someone had stolen your wallet. One thing that you did not plan on was to be a victim of a mall crime. Although malls seem fun and relatively safe, the rate of crime that occurs at malls is growing higher and higher. From credit card theft to sex crimes, the mall is no longer a place that you can stroll through without any worries. The mall is now a haven for crime. In this argument, we will review the amount of crimes that occur in malls, the people who are targeted, and how the crimes may be prevented. Because the rate for crimes in malls seems to be increasing with each year, many people are afraid to go out shopping anymore. Although internet shopping is growing more and more popular, the cost of shipping alone is enough to make you brave your busy mall for those single items that you need. Though the crime rate is high at malls, customers must not forgo their mall experience simply out of fear. On the contrary, they must become more aware of themselves while at the mall and must simply be careful. The amount of crimes that occur in malls is astounding. In Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, for example, there have been twenty-six assaults at the Monroeville mall within the last two years, eleven burglaries at the Station Square mall, nine robberies at the Monroeville mall, three-hundred-fifty-two thefts at the Monroeville mall, ten sex crimes at the Robinson mall, fifteen drug crimes at the Robinson mall and seven gun crimes at the Monroeville mall. These numbers are relatively low compared to statistics throughout the country (www.thepittsburghchannel.com). Mall security and store owners both know that the crime rate is higher when the mall has more visitors. Although large crowds often bring in large amounts of money, they also bring in a larger number of those who are up to no good. A large reason that the crime rate is so high in shopping malls is that, according to www.beverlypd.org, a website designed to prevent mall crime, sixty-five percent of malls are located in high crime areas. Twenty-five percent of malls are located in places that have almost three times more than the national crime risk. Though the statistics are unnerving, knowing who is targeted can help decrease risk of becoming a victim. When it comes to the question of who can be the victim of a mall crime, the answer would be anyone. There are, however, those who are more likely to be victimized. Consequently, according to the U.S. Department of Justice website about victim information (www.ojp.usdoj.gov), the highest rate of victimization is those who are between the ages of twelve and twenty-four. Although elderly theft seems like it would be the highest, possibly due to media influence, the amount of elderly who have been victims of theft has gone down considerably. Young people are seen as being less cautious as old people, thus they may be targeted more than anyone else. They are also less likely to report a crime than older people. Although the rate of mall crime is high with the specific age range, there are steps that anyone can practice the next time they visit the mall. Several tips for shoppers were provided by www.kevincoffee.com and www.signonsandiego.com: 1.Never put your purchases down inside of the mall. They can be snatched before you have time to react. 2.Try to put your purchases in one or two bags, so that you are not juggling them to the point that you are not paying attention to your purse or wallet. 3.Before leaving the mall, make sure that you have your keys out so that you do not have to fumble with them as you are walking to the car. 4. Avoid going to the mall at night. Daylight is your best option. However, if it is unavoidable, then before exiting the mall at night, park your car in a well lit area and when you are through shopping ask a security guard to escort you to your car. You do not know who could be lurking nearby. 5.Put your purchases in the trunk of your car. Nothing is more appealing to a thief than a pile of shopping bags that are visible in a car. While the mall has crime rates that perhaps few people know about, the key to being safe is to know the facts. Everyone deserves the basic right of shopping in the mall without having to worry about being the victim of a crime. It takes effort, however, to gain that right back.   If everyone would follow the basic steps above, a large percentage of the mall crime rate could be decreased. Although the percentages may seem like numbers, remember that every number is simply a representation of a person and that the next time, the person could be you. Read also: Snatch Theft Essay Works Cited Coffey, Kevin. â€Å"Avoiding Pickpockets.† Detective Kevin Coffey. 2006. 11 Dec. 2006 . David, Kristina. â€Å"To Make Your Spirits Bright, Avoid Theft.† Sign on Sandiego. 25 Nov. 2006. 11 Dec. 2006 â€Å"Office of Justice Programs.† Bureau of Justice Statistics. 2006. 11 Dec. 2006 â€Å"Local Mall Crime Rates Increase.† The Pittsburgh Channel. 17 Dec. 2006. 11 Dec. 2006 . â€Å"Shopping Mall Crime Prevention.† Beverly Pd. 2006. 11 Dec. 2006 .                           

The Growing Up of John Donne in His Love Poetry

The Growing up of John Donne in his Love Poetry â€Å"Love, all alike, no season knows, nor clime, nor hours, days, months, which are the rags of time† is a quote from John Donne which talks about how love defies time however he did not always have such an optimistic view of love. John Donne was a writer in the 1700s’ who used the theme of love in quite a few of his poems. Donne can be a pessimistic poet, which often creates misunderstandings in both the theme of love and how the poem is written. Since love is so unclear and there is nothing definite about love, it makes it difficult to write about and often misunderstood says R. V. Young (251). Donne shows his love in these poems through references to physical love, the union of two souls, and journeys. These references can be seen in â€Å"To his Mistress Going to Bed,† â€Å"The Flea,† â€Å"The Extasie,† and â€Å"A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning†. One of the ways Donne expresses the theme of love is through physical love. The two main poems that refer to physical love are â€Å"To his Mistress Going to Bed† and â€Å"The Flea. Donne’s poem â€Å"To his Mistress Going to Bed† is about the speaker trying to convince a women to remove her clothes by saying â€Å"Off with that girdle, like heaven's zone glittering, / But a far fairer world encompassing. / Unpin that spangled breast-plate, which you wear† (lines 5-7). The speaker talks in great detail about his wishes for this woman to remove her clothing even though the woman does not want to. In order to comfort her, he says â€Å"there is no penance due to innocence† (line 46) meaning that removing her clothes is an innocent act and not a sin; therefore there is nothing for her to fear. In this poem, the speaker does not say that he loves this woman; he only refers to the physical relationship he wishes to have with her and how happy he is to share a romantic encounter with her but not looking to further any relationship that may follow together. The speaker says, â€Å"My mine of precious stones, my empery; / How am I blest in thus discovering thee! † (lines 29-30) which is the speaker’s way of expressing his happiness created by being with this woman while also complementing her on her beauty and power over him. Donne ends â€Å"To my Mistress Going to Bed† by saying, â€Å"To teach thee, I am naked first; why than, / what needst thou have more covering than a man? † (lines 47-48) which gives off the impression that the women gave into the speaker’s temptations and removed her clothing. The other work of poetry that discusses physical love is â€Å"The Flea† which has a very obscure plot line that contains an ambiguous way of symbolizing physical love shared between two romantic partners. In this poem, the speaker once again is trying to persuade a woman to participate in an expression of physical love by saying that â€Å"me it suck'd first, and now sucks thee, / And in this flea our two bloods mingled bee† (lines 3-4) meaning the flea had bitten him and his partner causing their blood to be combined, which in his time â€Å"signifies loss of virginity through heterosexual copulation† (Mansour 7), but the woman refuses his advances. The speaker then tries to comfort the woman, like the previous poem,  by saying â€Å"thou know'st that this cannot be said / A sin, nor shame, nor loss of maidenhead† meaning that it was not sinful or shameful to express physical love however the woman still refuses his advances. The woman reacts to the speaker’s attempts to persuade her into physical love by eventually killing the flea. By killing the flea it showed that her answer was not going to change and that she wished the speaker to stop pressuring her (7). Donne also has many poems that deal with the theme of love that instead of referencing physical love; they reference the topic of two souls becoming one and show Donne’s desire for a deep connection which was not seen in â€Å"To his Mistress Going to Bed† and â€Å"The Flea. †. The topic of two souls becoming one can be seen in the poems â€Å"The Extasie† and â€Å"A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning†. Donne's works when looked at collectively cover a variety of topics and experiences. Donne does not limit himself to one category or care if one poem contradicts another. This can be seen when comparing â€Å"The Extasie† and â€Å"To his Mistress Going to Bed† (Young 251). â€Å"The Extasie† refers to the souls uniting and becoming one as the purest form of love, while â€Å"To his Mistress Going to Bed† holds physical love as the most important aspect in a relationship. Donne’s concentration on showing how two souls uniting is the purest form of love causes physical love to seem unimportant. â€Å"The Extasie† begins with a description of two people sitting on a river bank with their hands â€Å"firmly cemented† (line 5) while their â€Å"eye-beams twisted† (line 7). They laid there all day â€Å"like sepulchral statues† (line 18) saying nothing. This description shows the deep connection the two people already have without physical love. Their love is deeper and more substantial then physical because it is emotional love. â€Å"The Extasie† is about having a relationship before engaging in the act of physical love. Donne holds this relationship up on a high pedestal at the beginning of the poem then the tone changes when they say â€Å"Our bodies why doe wee forbeare? They'are ours, though they'are not wee; Wee are / The intelligences, they the spheare. † (lines 51-53) and talk about possibly engaging in physical love so that they truly can become one soul. They later decide they need to engage in physical love â€Å"so soul into soul may flow† (line 60), however, their act of physical love is different because they have a relationship, and it means more than if they were to engaged in physical love without a prior re lationship. According to Donne, this unity of the souls is supposedly more gratifying than the physical love itself. The flowing of souls is used to represent how, if there is a deep connection, the physical love does not seem to matter as much anymore. This idea of having a deep connection before engaging in physical love contrasts the concepts mentioned in â€Å"To his Mistress Going to Bed† and â€Å"The Flea† because in this poem Donne does not mention this connection that he holds up so highly in this poem. The other poem that mentions the idea of souls becoming one is â€Å"A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning† which is a goodbye poem to his wife before he leaves on a journey. The speaker considers his wife to be his soul mate, and in this poem, he tells her that their souls are one soul, hinting at the deep connection there is between the two. The speaker mocks how â€Å"ordinary love† needs to be close and not capable of dealing with distance. The speaker tells his wife that if she is able to cope with the distance it will make their love stronger when he returns. In this poem, Donne uses the image of souls becoming one not to show how the deep connection is related to physical love, but how the deep connection makes their love stronger (Levchuck 207). The speaker says â€Å"Our two souls therefore, which are one, / Though I must go, endure not yet† (lines 12-13) meaning that because they are one soul, the distance will be easier to deal with and they will come out stronger, which is very important to the speaker. Having a strong relationship is a desire that was not present in â€Å"To his Mistress Going to Bed† and â€Å"The Flea† so the readers begin to see Donne’s opinions toward love change and how important this union of souls is becoming to him. â€Å"A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning† is also used when talking about physical journey, but actually meaning an motionally journey. Journeys are a topic mentioned in John Donne’s love poems. â€Å"A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning† is a poem that discusses the use of journeys in Donne’s love poetry. †A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning† is the speaker’s way of giving his wife reassurance before leaving her for a long period of time while he went off on a trip. The poem is meant to comfort her by comparing their love to â€Å"the way virtuous men behave at the moment of death† (Pipkin 212) which may appear to be a dark message, but the poem is actually meant to show the deep connectedness of the lover. The speaker says that even though they will not be close because he leaving on a journey, their love will survive and be even stronger when he returns. The speaker does not â€Å"tear-floods, nor sigh-tempests move† (line 6) because the speaker believes that if she cries or shows sadness, it means their love is not as deep as he thought it was as he wants to say their love so resilient that no distance could tear them apart (Bussey 1). The poems says â€Å"Moving of th’earth brings harms and fears† (line 9) meaning that his moving brings up some fears that the speaker does not want. The speaker wants their love to be exceedingly strong and to be able to with stand any dilemma they face together. Throughout this poem the speaker seems to really stress the point of having a strong relationship. This want for a strong faithful relationship is significantly greater in â€Å"A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning† then when mentioned in â€Å"The Extasie†. John Donne’s opinions have changed vastly since his writing about his desire for physical love now; Donne now desires for a strong and faithful relationship. Though â€Å"To his Mistress Going to Bed,† â€Å"The Flea,† â€Å"The Extasie,† and â€Å"A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning† John Donne expresses references to physical love, the union of two souls, and journeys. Donne mentions physical love in â€Å"To his Mistress Going to Bed† and â€Å"The Flea. † In these the reader sees an immature version of Donne and his desire for the expression of physical love. In â€Å"The Extasie†, and â€Å"A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning† which discussed the union of two souls, the readers begins to see a more sophisticated side of Donne. Donne begins to see to there is more to love then physical love and the importance of a relationship. Also in the â€Å"A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning† the readers see this concept of journeys. This concept of journeys and moving past the idea of love being the emotion felt just on the surface and more a deep connection with a strong relationship shows how much Donne’s idea and perception of love has since change from his poems about physical love.

Madeline Stickler Essays - Methodism, Prevenient Grace, Free Essays

Madeline Stickler Essays - Methodism, Prevenient Grace, Free Essays Madeline Stickler Reading Response #6 Rel 1350- Ryan March 18, 2016 "Christians Are Not Perfect" John Wesley was a great theologian who through his genius managed to blend two traditions or concerns together to produce a work that is to this day used and embraced by the Methodist Church. Wesley himself described his own journey as rigid and his faith in three steps via salutis. Given his past and the road he took; one might say that he may not have been as well organized a theologian as Luther or Calvin but this does not delineate the value of his work. The Reformation period strongly believed that all humans needed God's grace and that as humans we were unable to save ourselves. The Arminianism view of salvation was based on a conditional election and Wesley was always in search and inquiring about the experiences of people involving their religious life and spirituality could not totally agree with either view but found a way to combine these two views together. It is most likely most prominent in the Methodist movement and found in various other evangelical circles today. It stands in contrast to Calvinism, with which it has a long history of debate. Arminians as well as Calvinists appeal to various Scriptures and the early church fathers to support their respective views, however the differences remain particularly as related to the sovereignty of God in salvation and the ideas of election and predestination. Wesley first identifies original sin as the culprit which is found in Genesis 1:27 which states that "God created humankind in his image, in the image of God he created them; male and female he created them". Wesley points out that God created both male and female in a perfect state and based upon this at the time we were considered good.As good humans we were devoid of sin and filled with righteousness. However, we failed to remain in this state of goodness and righteousness. After being disobedient and committing the sin against God, humans fell and lost their righteous position and love from God. Wesley believed this death was a spiritual death and later transpired into a bodily death which left us separated from God with not hope. As Wesley said, "Christians are not perfect," but that Christians can purify their hearts through faith and can be made A growing relationship with God that allows the Christian to grow in maturity which allows God to shape our hearts and lives to be come more holy like Jesus is what Methodists call sanctification. Wesley believes that sanctification changes the believer's life from sinfulness to holiness. As we continue to grow into holiness we become dead to sin and alive in God. This process of righteousness is channeled from Jesus Christ to God. It does not mean that we are perfect. We still are capable of making mistakes. This can be accomplished by surrounding ourselves within a community such as a prayer group, worship, and praying, like here at Baylor University. It should be noted, however, that this holiness of living and is distinct from the righteousness reckoned to us by God. Wesley's way of salvation for the Christian life sought transformation through God's graceand we should continue to seek this divine grace on our journey as well. Disclaimer This essay has been submitted to us by a student. This is not an example of the work written by our professional essay writers. WHO WROTE THIS ESSAY REQUEST REMOVALEXAMPLE ESSAYS